家庭医生政策执行方式的行为逻辑

本文采用扎根理论,利用2017—2018年上海3家社区卫生服务中心的访谈材料,从执行者行为的微观角度归纳并构建家庭医生如何选择政策执行方式的理论解释。研究归纳了家庭医生相关政策的执行中存在的三类政策执行方式:忠实执行、积极变通和消极变通。这三类政策执行方式因政策与情境契合度(简称契合度)的不同而区分。其中契合度较高时,容易发生忠实执行,即完全忠实于政策设计的执行方式;当政策与情境有不契合时,执行成本升高,出于职责观念和行政压力,执行者首先使用积极变通来降低执行成本,用自由裁量权在操作中对政策作修补和本土化,从而实现政策初衷;消极变通因任务契合度过低且具有强制性而产生,消极变通中出现了目标替代,仅表面应付上级考核指标,降低了执行成本、维护了岗位利益。结论:政策执行方式的行为逻辑可以通过契合度、职责观念、执行成本三个因素得到解释。本文整体、平衡地关注了消极与积极的政策变通,弥补以往研究只关注消极变通的不足;建议应完善决策制度保证基层执行者的决策参与,从而提升决策质量。     

家庭方言环境对儿童语言发育的影响

目的 探究家庭方言环境对儿童语言发育的影响, 为探讨儿童语言障碍原因提供理论依据。方法 收集2015年11月-2019年9月于上海儿童医学中心发育行为儿科就诊并完成语言能力测试的儿童资料。共688名儿童, 年龄范围35.1~95.7个月;根据家庭方言环境分为普通话组(n=151), 方言组(n=537)。采用χ²检验和Mann-Whitney U检验分析两组儿童的语言能力差异。结果 普通话组和方言组儿童的年龄、性别构成以及语言障碍比例, 差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);语言正常和障碍儿童在整体语言、听力理解、语言表达、语义、句法5个维度上均不受方言环境影响(P>0.05)。结论 家庭方言环境不是儿童语言发育的危险因素, 语言暴露的质量与数量对儿童早期发展更为重要。     

Patterns of intervention utilization among school-aged children on the autism spectrum: Findings from a multi-site research consortium

When designing and interpreting results from clinical trials evaluating treatments for children on the autism spectrum, a complicating factor is that most children receive a range of concurrent treatments. Thus, it is important to better understand the types and hours of interventions that participants typically receive as part of standard of care, as well as to understand the child, family, and geographic factors that are associated with different patterns of service utilization. In this multi-site study, we interviewed 280 caregivers of 6-to-11-year-old school-aged children on the autism spectrum about the types and amounts of interventions their children received in the prior 6 weeks. Reported interventions were coded as “evidence-based practice” or “other interventions,” reflecting the level of empirical support. Results indicated that children received a variety of interventions with varying levels of empirical evidence and a wide range of hours (0–79.3 h/week). Children with higher autism symptom levels, living in particular states, and who identified as non-Hispanic received more evidence-based intervention hours. Higher parental education level related to more hours of other interventions. Children who were younger, had lower cognitive ability, and with higher autism symptom levels received a greater variety of interventions overall. Thus, based on our findings, it would seem prudent when designing clinical trials to take into consideration a variety of factors including autism symptom levels, age, cognitive ability, ethnicity, parent education and geographic location. Future research should continue to investigate the ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic influences on school-aged intervention services.     

基于EHR对骨质疏松分级诊疗管理模式的探索与实践

目的探讨EHR对骨质疏松分级诊疗管理模式的临床效果。方法以上海市某社区慢性病管理团队为例,依托瑞金-卢湾医联体"全-专门诊"进行分级诊疗,介绍该区域医联体内专科与全科医生团队如何开展区域医联体特色的家庭医生"1+1+1"签约服务,建立个人EHR,通过调阅区、市两级EHR查阅患者区域内就诊信息,对签约骨质疏松患者进行管理,分析管理效果。结果研究对象疼痛症状、身体机能、社会适应能力和精神心理功能较一年前得分均有下降(P0.05);骨代谢指标β-CTX、PICP、PTH和BGP明显下降(P0.05),维生素D升高(P0.001);L1～3、股骨颈、wards三角、大粗隆和total髋的骨密度有提高(P0.05)。结论 EHR对骨质疏松分级诊疗、实施区域医联体特色的签约服务和建立个人EHR等方案可改善骨质疏松患者生活质量,值得推广。     

学龄前儿童气质和家庭环境对适应行为的影响

目的 研究学龄前儿童适应行为发展的特点, 探讨气质和家庭环境对适应行为的影响, 为促进儿童适应行为的发展提供参考依据。方法 于2019年10月采取随机整群抽样的方法选取西安市3所幼儿园304名4~6岁儿童家长进行问卷填写, 采用方差分析、相关分析和回归分析探讨学龄前儿童气质、家庭环境对适应行为的影响。结果 1)学龄前儿童独立因子、认知功能因子、社会/自制因子及适应能力商数(ADQ)在年龄上差异有统计学意义(F=15.49、6.31、18.17、20.91, P＜0.05), 适应行为随着年龄的增长不断发展。2)节律性、适应性、反应强度、持久性、反应域、亲密度与ADQ显著相关(r=-0.18、-0.17、0.15、-0.13、0.18、0.28, P＜0.05);节律性、适应性、亲密度、矛盾性与独立因子显著相关(r=-0.16、-0.18、0.26、-0.13, P＜0.05), 节律性、持久性、亲密度、知识性与认知功能因子显著相关(r=-0.14, -0.17、0.18、0.11, P＜0.05);反应强度、注意分散、反应域、亲密度、组织性与社会因子显著相关(r=0.19、0.13、0.21、0.21、0.13, P＜0.05)。3)家庭亲密度(β=0.28)、气质的节律性(β=-0.15)和反应阈(β=0.14)可以共同预测适应行为(F=14.75, P<0.001)。结论 学龄前儿童的适应行为的发展受年龄、气质和家庭环境的影响, 因此, 根据儿童的气质特点, 创造适宜的家庭环境, 能够促进学龄前儿童适应行为的全面发展。